Mountainous regions of Iran were brought under a tighter grip of the central Abbasid government, as were areas of Turkestan. In this article, focus is laid on his mathematical work in the field of algebra and his contribution in setting the … Informed that compliance with this command might arouse popular opposition to the colour, on 18 August he reverted to traditional Abbasid black. However, this process of cultural assimilation was slow to develop. 1 talking about this. [16] The ulama emerged as a real force in Islamic politics during al-Ma'mun's reign for opposing the mihna, which was initiated in 833, four months before he died. While Baghdad became peaceful, there were disturbances elsewhere. Al-Ma'mun conducted, in the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical operations intended to determine the value of a terrestrial degree. A Byzantine counter offensive in 826 AD failed miserably. Al-Maʾmūn, having become caliph of the entire ʿAbbāsid empire, decided to continue to reside at Merv, assisted by his faithful Iranian vizier al-Faḍl. There were disturbances in Iraq during the first several years of al-Maʾmūn's reign, while the caliph was in Merv. Professor of Muslim Civilization, University of Paris IV. On the same night, which later became known as the "night of the three caliphs", his uncle al-Hadi died and was succeeded by Ma'mun's father, Harun al-Rashid, as ruler of the Abbasid Caliphate. Al-Maʾmūn was reportedly the older of the two brothers, but his mother was a Persian woman while al-Amin's mother was a member of the reigning Abbasid family. [3][9][10], Al-Fadl ibn Sahl, a Kufan of Iranian origin whose father had converted to Islam and entered Barmakid service, replaced Ja'far ibn Yahya as al-Ma'mun's tutor. After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was backward and trapped in the Dark Ages. This was not easily accepted by the Abbasid leaders but was widely seen as a political move by al-Ma'mun since he was fearful of the widespread sympathy towards the Ahl al-Bayt. He had already, at Merv, evidenced his sympathy for the representatives of the Muʿtazilī movement, those supporters of Islām who adopted rationalist methods and borrowed from the works of ancient Greek or Hellenistic philosophers the modes of reasoning that seemed to them best-suited for combating the influence of such doctrines as Manichaeism (a dualistic religion founded in Iran). Al-Ma'mun set out for Baghdad on 12 April 818. Contribution : House of wisdom , founded by Al- Ma’Mun was built in Baghdadnand attracted scholars from all surrounding Continents. At the beginning of 833 al-Maʾmūn decided to require adherence to Muʿtazilah from all his subjects. Al-Ma'mun's relations with the Byzantines are marked by his efforts in the translation of Greek philosophy and science. In 829, Michael II died and was succeeded by his son Theophilos. The war had originated in Hārūn ar-Rashīd’s ill-advised decision over the succession, but it also revealed internal divisions within the ʿAbbāsid empire. Sindh was rebellious. Another citation by al-Nadim reported that Ibn Hayyan was a member of a philosophical group. al-ʿIbar, vol. The ulema and the major Islamic law schools became truly defined in the period of al-Ma'mun, and Sunnism—as a religion of legalism—became defined in parallel. Al-Ma'mun gathered scholars of many religions at Baghdad, whom he treated magnificently. This arrangement soon broke down, and there ensued a prolonged and very destructive civil war. With the aim of gaining Abbasid support and the establishment of a new base for his rule in Baghdad, al-Ma'mun went on to dispose of Ali Ar-Rida by administering poison, and arranging the murder of Fazl ibn Sahl. This page was last edited on 10 February 2021, at 12:56. al-Ma'mun once defeated a Byzantine Emperor in a battle and as a tribute, he asked for a copy of Almagest, Ptolemy's Hellenistic compendium of thoughts on astronomy written around A.D. 150[17]. Islamic Theology, Philosophy and Law: Debating Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya. Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). They had two sons, Muhammad al-Asghar, and Abdallah. [2] Marajil died soon after his birth, and Abdallah was raised by Harun al-Rashid's wife, Zubayda, herself of high Abbasid lineage as the granddaughter of Caliph al-Mansur (r. For other uses, see, Appointment as successor and Governor of Khurasan. It was a move that al-Ma'mun soon regretted, as Tahir and his family became entrenched in Iranian politics and became increasingly powerful in the state, contrary to al-Ma'mun's desire to centralize and strengthen Caliphal power. Al-Ma'mun died near Tarsus. Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. Al-Amin would succeed Harun in Baghdad, but al-Ma'mun would remain al-Amin's heir and would additionally rule over an enlarged Khurasan. Although the mihna persisted through the reigns of two more caliphs, al-Mutawakkil abandoned it in 848. Thus ended one of the most merciless civil wars known to the Islāmic East. In the last days of Harun's life his health was declining and saw in a dream Musa ibn Jafar sitting in a chamber praying and crying, which made Harun remember how hard he had struggled to establish his own caliphate. By … Hindu rebellions in Sindh were put down, and most of Afghanistan was absorbed with the surrender of the leader of Kabul. During his reign, alchemy greatly developed. 2, p. 272; Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, p. 363. Under the sponsorship of caliph Al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833), economic support of the House of Wisdom and scholarship in general was greatly increased. In the 10th century, the Fatimid dynasty in Egypt built a capital, Cairo, which rivaled Baghdad. Survey of Muslim Contribution to Science and CultureBiographical Notes on Eminent Muslim Scientists of South-Asia in the 14th Century Hijra: 1877-1979 A.DNew ScientistIbn al-Hayt̲h̲ams Weg zur PhysikNew ScientistDie AraberOmar Khayyams RubaiyatDas Vermächtnis des IslamsContributions of Muslim It was named after Abbasid Caliph and astronomer Al-Ma'mun.[22]. Abu al-Abbas Abdallah ibn Harun al-Rashid (Arabic: أبو العباس عبد الله بن هارون الرشيد‎, romanized: Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Hārūn ar-Rashīd; 14 September 786 – 9 August 833), better known by his regnal name al-Ma'mun (Arabic: المأمون‎, romanized: al-Maʾmūn), was the seventh Abbasid caliph, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. Even so, Byzantine resistance in Sicily was fierce and not without success whilst the Arabs became quickly plagued by internal squabbles. At Tus, he stopped to visit his father's grave. Almanon is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged highlands in the south-central region of the Moon. …caliphate and gave his son al-Maʿmūn (813–833) control over Iran and the eastern half of the empire. The official Abbasid coins were minted showing Al-Ma'mun as a Caliph and al-Ridha as his successor. Al-Ma'mun's record as an administrator is also marked by his efforts toward the centralization of power and the certainty of succession. Al-Maʾmūn, attracted by the intellectual rigour of Muʿtazilah, also saw in it the means of encouraging public opinion to accept a new, more flexible conception of the caliphate. Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi is one of the greatest scientific minds of the medieval period and a most important Muslim mathematician who was justly called the 'father of algebra'. The people subject to the mihna were traditionalist scholars whose social influence was uncommonly high. This was notably true of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, the founder of the Ḥanbalī school of Islāmic law, who was to have been sent, under a heavy guard, before the caliph but was temporarily spared by the sudden death of al-Maʾmūn at Tarsus in 833. This violation of al-Rashid's testament led to a succession struggle. Ibn Abd Rabbih in his Unique Necklace (al-'iqd al-Farid), probably drawing on earlier sources, makes a similar description of al-Ma'mun, whom he described as of light complexion and having slightly blond hair, a long thin beard, and a narrow forehead. Al-Maʾmūn, in full Abū Al-ʿabbās ʿabd Allāh Al-maʾmūn Ibn Ar-rashīd, (born 786, Baghdad—died August 833, Tarsus, Cilicia), seventh ʿAbbāsid caliph (813–833), known for his attempts to end sectarian rivalry in Islām and to impose upon his subjects a rationalist Muslim creed. Hārūn ar-Rashīd’s death in March 809 nevertheless created discord that soon developed into armed conflict between the two brothers. The translation work included treatise of Aristoxenos, Aristotle (384-322 A.C.), Euclid, Ptolemy (90-128), and Nikomachos of Gerasa (Jordan, fl.c.100 A.C.). Other cities also became great centers of learning. Al-Ma'mun won the armed struggle and al-Amin was defeated and killed in 813. Al-Ma'mun made preparations for a major campaign, but died on the way while leading an expedition in Tyana. Author of. He is also known for supporting the doctrine of Mu'tazilism and for imprisoning Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal, the rise of religious persecution (mihna), and for the resumption of large-scale warfare with the Byzantine Empire. He designated as his heir not a member of his own family but instead ʿAlī ar-Riḍā, who was a descendant of ʿAlī. He encouraged his successor to continue his policies and not burden the people with more than they could bear. As they were, he invited those with him to enjoy the water with these dates. Muslim Contribution to Science and Culture (1) ... Al-Ma`mun's zeal for scientific research resulted in the measurement of a degree of terrestrial latitude from astronomical observations conducted on the plain of Sinjar north of the Euphrates and again in the neighbourhood of Palmyra. The caliph would lose much of his religious authority to the opinion of the ulema as a result of the mihna. Michael Hamilton Morgan in his book "Lost History" describes al-Ma'mun as a man who 'Loves Learning.' Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). pp. AL-MAMUN c.786 - 833 Arab Caliph. Scholars from many lands gathered there to do research and to translate texts from Greece, Persia, India, and China. Al-Ma'mun's Reign Al-Ma'mun conducted, in the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical operations intended to determine the value of a terrestrial degree. Al-Ma'mun's record as an administrator is also marked by his efforts toward the centralization of power and the certainty of succession. Noticing supplies arriving, he asked someone to check whether such dates were included. However, his plans did not succeed due to the growing popularity of the Imam in Merv. Islamic culture and knowledge, however, has a tremendous contribution … Al-Tabari (v.32, pp. By the time al-Maʾmūn became Caliph, the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire had settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids deep into Anatolia to capture booty and Christians to be enslaved. [3] According to M. Rekaya, "he was distinguished by his love of knowledge, making him the most intellectual caliph of the Abbasid family, which accounts for the way in which his caliphate developed". In Baghdad, declaring al-Maʾmūn deposed, they proclaimed as the new caliph the ʿAbbāsid prince Ibrāhīm, son of the third caliph, al-Mahdī. Al-Ma'mun was troubled by the widespread support for Imam Reza, a descendant of the prophet Muhammad, and the betrayal of his grand vizier. Lawlessness in Baghdad led to the formation of neighborhood watches. Al-Ma'mun conducted, in the plains of Mesopotamia, two astronomical operations intended to determine the value of a terrestrial degree. After a debate al-Ma'mun had set up with the greatest scholars of the world's religions to humiliate the Imam, the victorious Imam informed al-Ma'mun that his grand vizier, Fazl ibn Sahl, had not been informing him of everything. The failure of the mihna seriously damaged Caliphal authority and ruined the reputation of the office for succeeding caliphs. In addition to the House of Wisdom, he set up observatories in which Muslim astronomers could build on the knowledge acquired by earlier peoples. Al-Ma'mun established the famous Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) which worked on the model of a library and a research academy. Many Greek books were already extant in Iraq in Syriac translations, and most of the first translations into Arabic were made by Christians from these Syriac versions. That year, the Arabs were expelled from Sicily but they were to return. Imam Reza, the eighth descendant of Muhammad, was named his heir. 4, p. 528. At the same time, a third heir, al-Qasim, named al-Mu'tamin, was appointed, under the guardianship of Abd al-Malik ibn Salih. Thus Arab Muslim societies and other Muslims have cultural affinities, though every society has preserved its distinguishing characteristics. In A.H. 201 (817 AD) al-Ma'mun forced Ali ar-Rida, also known as Imam Reza, to move from Madina to Merv. This apparently provoked strenuous objections by the Abbasids. He was finally besieged in Baghdad in April 812. Because Islam originated and has developed in an Arab culture, other cultures which have adopted Islam have tended to be influenced by Arab customs. 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