As much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled in cigarette smoke may be absorbed. [38] It is also found in some of the lowest-melting alloys, such as Wood's metal. [10], Cadmium is created via the s-process in low- to medium-mass stars with masses of 0.6 to 10 solar masses, over thousands of years. [18][19] This was adopted by the 7th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1927. Sources, facts, uses, scarcity (SRI), podcasts, alchemical symbols, videos and images. Cadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. [68] The most dangerous form of occupational exposure to cadmium is inhalation of fine dust and fumes, or ingestion of highly soluble cadmium compounds. The chemical symbol for Cadmium is Cd . An estimated 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. "European Commission Decision of 12 October 2006 amending, for the purposes of adapting to technical progress, the Annex to Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards exemptions for applications of lead and cadmium (notified under document number C(2006) 4790)", "Dietary cadmium exposure and prostate cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study", "Dietary cadmium exposure and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: A population-based prospective cohort study", "Long-term dietary cadmium intake and postmenopausal endometrial cancer incidence: A population-based prospective cohort study", Cadmium Exposure can Induce Early Atherosclerotic Changes, "Biosensors paving the way to understanding the interaction between cadmium and the estrogen receptor alpha", "Estrogen-like effects of cadmium in vivo do not appear to be mediated via the classical estrogen receptor transcriptional pathway", "Cadmium-induced effects on cellular signaling pathways in the liver of transgenic estrogen reporter mice", "Cadmium dietary exposure in the European population - European Food Safety Authority", "U.S. to Develop Safety Standards for Toxic Metals", "Claire's Recalls Children's Metal Charm Bracelets Due to High Levels of Cadmium", "FAF Inc. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. Zinc metal is produced either by smelting the oxide with carbon or by electrolysis in sulfuric acid. [9], One isotope of cadmium, 113Cd, absorbs neutrons with high selectivity: With very high probability, neutrons with energy below the cadmium cut-off will be absorbed; those higher than the cut-off will be transmitted. Cadmium, a transition metal, has the chemical symbol of Cd. Therefore, there are various non-equivalent definitions of atomic radius. Number of protons in Cadmium is 48. Cadmium is a naturally-occurring chemical element with atomic number 48 which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. Cadmium definition, a white, ductile divalent metallic element resembling tin, used in plating and in making certain alloys. Atomic weight of Cadmium is 112.414 u or g/mol. [25][35], History of the world production of cadmium, Cadmium is a common component of electric batteries, pigments,[36] coatings,[37] and electroplating.[38]. [14][15][16], Even though cadmium and its compounds are toxic in certain forms and concentrations, the British Pharmaceutical Codex from 1907 states that cadmium iodide was used as a medication to treat "enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains". [46], Various cadmium salts are used in paint pigments, with CdS as a yellow pigment being the most common. Electron affinities are more difficult to measure than ionization energies. Some properties of the zinc group elements; zinc cadmium mercury; atomic number: 30: 48: 80: atomic weight: 65.409: 112.411: 200.59: melting point (°C) 419.53: 321.07 There are eight naturally occurring isotopes of cadmium exist, 106 Cd, 108 Cd, 110 Cd, 111 Cd, 112 Cd, 113 Cd, 114 Cd, and 116 Cd. Greenockite (CdS) is the only mineral of any consequence bearing cadmium. [49][50] Cadmium selenide quantum dots emit bright luminescence under UV excitation (He-Cd laser, for example). High quantities of cadmium can be found in crustaceans, mollusks, offal, frog legs, cocoa solids, bitter and semi-bitter chocolate, seaweed, fungi and algae products. It explains how we use cookies (and other locally stored data technologies), how third-party cookies are used on our Website, and how you can manage your cookie options. [11], Cadmium (Latin cadmia, Greek καδμεία meaning "calamine", a cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals that was named after the Greek mythological character Κάδμος, Cadmus, the founder of Thebes) was discovered in contaminated zinc compounds sold in pharmacies in Germany. Some companies have been looking to reduce the environmental impact of human exposure and pollution of the material in televisions during production. Cadmium is a natural element in the earth's crust. Most cadmium produced is electroplated onto steel, iron, copper, brass, and other alloys to protect them for corrosion. Cadmium 112 Metal (Cadmium-112) is a stable (non-radioactive) isotope of Cadmium. eval(ez_write_tag([[250,250],'material_properties_org-banner-2','ezslot_1',111,'0','0']));report this adSince the number of electrons and their arrangement are responsible for the chemical behavior of atoms, the atomic number identifies the various chemical elements. [96] The U.S. CPSC issued specific recall notices for cadmium content in jewelry sold by Claire's[97] and Wal-Mart[98] stores. Cadmium selenide is a red pigment, commonly called cadmium red. Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid dissolve cadmium by forming cadmium chloride (CdCl2), cadmium sulfate (CdSO4), or cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2). Note that, ionization energies measure the tendency of a neutral atom to resist the loss of electrons. [39] The European Union put a limit on cadmium in electronics in 2004 of 0.01%,[40] with some exceptions, and in 2006 reduced the limit on cadmium content to 0.002%. The only cadmium mineral of importance, greenockite (CdS), is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). Cadmium is used in many kinds of solder and bearing alloys, because it has a low coefficient of friction and fatigue resistance. ", "In vitro nephrotoxicity and anticancer potency of newly synthesized cadmium complexes", "Cadmium Selenium Testing for Microbial Contaminants", "Cadmium blocks hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1-mediated response to hypoxia by stimulating the proteasome-dependent degradation of HIF-1alpha", "A biological function for cadmium in marine diatoms", "A Review of Molecular Events of Cadmium-Induced Carcinogenesis", 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2014011075, "Breast cancer frequency and exposure to cadmium: A meta-analysis and systematic review", "Cadmium Exposure and Clinical Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review". Cadmium is located in the d-block and 12 group of the periodic table possessing an atomic number of 48 and an atomic mass of 112.411g. [12] In 1817 by Friedrich Stromeyer[13] and Karl Samuel Leberecht Hermann simultaneously investigated the discoloration in zinc oxide and found an impurity, first suspected to be arsenic, because of the yellow precipitate with hydrogensulfide. It is a Transition metal and located in Group 12 of the periodic table. Element Classification: Metal. [78], Cadmium exposure is associated with a large number of illnesses including kidney disease,[79] early atherosclerosis, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. [73] Although occupational exposure to cadmium is linked to lung and prostate cancer, there is still uncertainty about the carcinogenicity of cadmium in low environmental exposure. Cadmium (atomic number 48, symbol Cd) is a chemical element similar to mercury and zinc, which are stable metals. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. [37] A limitation of cadmium plating is hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels from the electroplating process. Phase at Room Temperature: Solid. Atomic Number: 48. Atomic weight of Cadmium is 112.414 u or g/mol. Although cadmium has no known biological function in higher organisms, a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in marine diatoms. It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium Atomic Weight: 112.41 What is Cadmium? Areas covered include atomic structure, physical properties, atomic interaction, thermodynamics, identification, atomic size, crystal structure, history, abundances, and nomenclature. [9], The known isotopes of cadmium range in atomic mass from 94.950 u (95Cd) to 131.946 u (132Cd). Zn, Cu, Ca, and Fe ions, and selenium with vitamin C are used to treat Cd intoxication, though it is not easily reversed. Cadmium is a soft, bluish-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Atomic Number 48 is belong to element of Cadmium.. Chemical symbol for Cadmium is Cd. Periods are the rows of the periodic table that from left to right increase in order of mass. Research into an estrogen mimicry that may induce breast cancer is ongoing. Cadmium. [27][28] Coal can contain significant amounts of cadmium, which ends up mostly in flue dust. They are cadmium-106, cadmium-108, cadmium-110, cadmium-111,cadmium-112, cadmium-113, cadmium-114, and cadmium-116. Cd. The configuration of these electrons follows from the principles of quantum mechanics. [70], There have been a few instances of general population poisoning as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water. However, grains, vegetables, and starchy roots and tubers are consumed in much greater quantity in the U.S., and are the source of the greatest dietary exposure there. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. [5], The structures of many cadmium complexes with nucleobases, amino acids, and vitamins have been determined. [26], Rocks mined for phosphate fertilizers contain varying amounts of cadmium, resulting in a cadmium concentration of as much as 300 mg/kg in the fertilizers and a high cadmium content in agricultural soils. In chemistry and atomic physics, the electron affinity of an atom or molecule is defined as: the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom or molecule (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is added to the atom to form a negative ion. [60] Cadmium is under preliminary research for its toxicity in humans, potentially affecting mechanisms and risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis. [89] The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has declared 7 μg/kg bw to be the provisional tolerable weekly intake level. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium: Symbol: Cd: Atomic Number: 48: Atomic Mass: 112.411 atomic mass units: Number of Protons: 48: Number of Neutrons: 64: Number of Electrons: 48: Melting Point: 320.9° C: Boiling Point: 765.0° C: Density: 8.65 grams per cubic centimeter: Normal Phase: Solid: Family: Transition Metals: Period: 5: Cost: $6 per 100 grams Mass numbers of typical isotopes of Cadmium are 108, 110-112, 114. The atomic radius of Cadmium atom is 144pm (covalent radius). In nuclear industry cadmium is commonly used as a thermal neutron absorber due to very high neutron absorption cross-section of 113Cd. For stable elements, there is usually a variety of stable isotopes. Electronegativity, symbol χ, is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards this atom. [54], Cadmium has no known function in higher organisms,[55] but a cadmium-dependent carbonic anhydrase has been found in some marine diatoms. Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white divalent metal. Cadmium has 8 known meta states, with the most stable being 113mCd (t1⁄2 = 14.1 years), 115mCd (t1⁄2 = 44.6 days), and 117mCd (t1⁄2 = 3.36 hours). He was persistent in studying these results and eventually isolated cadmium metal by roasting and reducing the sulfide. Xu, Liang, Zhang, Fei, Tang, Mingjia, et al. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives of less than 2.5 hours, and the majority have half-lives of less than 5 minutes. In molecular biology, cadmium is used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions, as well as in hypoxia research to stimulate proteasome-dependent degradation of Hif-1α. In that process, a silver atom captures a neutron and then undergoes beta decay. At least three isotopes – 110Cd, 111Cd, and 112Cd – are stable. Cadmium most often occurs in small quantities associated with zinc ores, such as sphalerite (ZnS). 's old stadium, Highbury in London, England was cancelled when the seats were discovered to contain trace amounts of cadmium. The other three are 106Cd, 108Cd (both double electron capture), and 114Cd (double beta decay); only lower limits on these half-lives have been determined. Typical densities of various substances are at atmospheric pressure. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. Cadmium is an element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.4. [42], Cadmium is used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, acting as a very effective neutron poison to control neutron flux in nuclear fission. Thus, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct of mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper. X + e– → X– + energy        Affinity = – ∆H. Thus, although cadmium is a major factor in the itai-itai disease in Japan, most researchers have concluded that it was one of several factors. Each entry has a full citation identifying its source. H: 48. Anyone can be able to come here, learn the basics of materials science, material properties and to compare these properties. Cadmium was first discovered in 1817 by two German chemists – Friedrich … The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. Group Name: none. Thermal conductivity. Cadmium. Atomic Number 48. It is similar in many respects to zinc but forms complex compounds. Can Heavy Metal in Foods, Cosmetics Spur Breast Cancer Spread? Absorption of cadmium through the lungs is more effective than through the gut. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine, because it was found in this zinc ore. Stromeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not. It is similar in many … [4] Bread, root crops, and vegetables also contribute to the cadmium in modern populations. Cadmium 112 Metal is one of over 250 stable Metallic isotopes produced by American Elements for biological and biomedical labeling, as … Cadmium is a chemical element with atomic number 48 which means there are 48 protons and 48 electrons in the atomic structure. The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure of the distance out to which the electron cloud extends from the nucleus.

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